The US Food and Drug Administration made a pivotal decision to ban Red No. 3, a widely used food coloring linked to thyroid cancer, back in January. While this marks a significant shift towards safer food additives, manufacturers will still have time to phase out this synthetic dye. Fast forward to May 9, when the FDA unveiled three natural alternatives sourced from nature’s bounty: red algae, butterfly pea flower, and calcium phosphate. Let’s dive into the story behind synthetic red dye and the exciting new changes on the horizon.
What Exactly is Red No. 3?
Red No. 3, also recognized as FD&C Red No. 3, was a synthetic dye created from petroleum that added a vibrant pop of “cherry-red” color to various foods and beverages. Despite being banned in cosmetics since 1990, its use in foods continued unchecked until now.
The FDA invoked the Delaney Clause—which prevents the approval of additives shown to induce cancer in humans or animals—as the rationale for the ban. While studies indicated a potential carcinogenic risk in lab rats, no direct correlation to cancer in humans has been confirmed.
According to Bryan Hitchcock, chief science and technology officer at the Institute of Food Technologists, the hormonal mechanisms causing cancer in rats do not apply to humans. “The quantities tested were also significantly higher than typical human consumption,” he explains, noting that rats were exposed to approximately 200 times the expected maximum daily intake.
Where Can You Find Red No. 3?
Red No. 3 has found its way into numerous beloved foods. Here are just a few:
- Candy
- Cupcakes
- Cookies
- Frozen desserts
- Frostings
- Icings
- Some Maraschino cherries
- Processed meats and meat substitutes
Red No. 3 has already been banned in countries like Australia.
Some specific products containing Red No. 3 include:
- Brach’s Classic Jelly Beans, Spiced Jelly Beans, and Conversation Hearts
- MorningStar Farms Plant-Based Bacon Strips
- Good Humor Strawberry Shortcake Frozen Dessert Bars
- Pez candy
Additionally, a comprehensive list on Drugs.com highlights medications that include Red No. 3 such as:
- Acetaminophen
- Doxycycline Monohydrate
- Gabapentin
- Vyvanse
If you’re curious about products still using this dye, the Environmental Working Group maintains a searchable database featuring 3,225 products that contain Red No. 3 as of April 29, 2025.
Timelines for Transitioning Away from Red No. 3
While the ban has been enacted, manufacturers have been granted a grace period to expel Red No. 3 from their offerings. According to the FDA, companies must eliminate the dye from food products by January 15, 2027, and from ingested drugs by January 18, 2028.
What’s Next? A Dive into Natural Alternatives
Expect to see more natural ingredients like beets stepping into Red No. 3’s spotlight.
As we bid farewell to Red No. 3, companies are preparing to embrace natural alternatives. According to Givaudan Sense Colour, potential substitutes include:
- Carmine, a dye sourced from insects (yes, you read that right!)
- Betacyanins, extracted from beetroots
- Anthocyanins, derived from a variety of fruits and vegetables
California Assembly member Jesse Gabriel expressed to NBC News that while synthetic dyes may be cheaper, prices will likely remain stable for consumers. “We don’t expect any notable price increases,” he reassured.
Emerging Natural Food Dyes Approved by the FDA
In May, the FDA approved three vivid natural food dyes that promise to educate consumers about healthier options. Among them:
- Galdieria extract blue, derived from red algae—set to color nonalcoholic beverages, dairy-based drinks, and candies.
- Butterfly pea flower, already a darling in teas and beverages, can now color a diverse range of snacks—from cereals to chips.
- Chlorine phosphate, a mineral-based white color approved for use in chicken products and candy melts.
The Future of Red Dyes: Is Red No. 40 Next?
While Red No. 3 is off the table, discussions are heating up around Red No. 40. The FDA indicates plans to phase out various petroleum-based synthetic dyes, including Red No. 40, in due time.
Are We Safe with Other Synthetic Food Colorings?
After the ban of Red No. 3, eight other food colorants remain approved for use in the US. These include FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Blue No. 2, and Red No. 40, among others. So far, studies have indicated minimal risks associated with these alternatives.
However, precaution is advised. The Cleveland Clinic noted potential links between certain dyes and health conditions, such as hyperactivity. The need for comprehensive scientific evaluation remains crucial. Hitchcock emphasized the importance of transparency in the FDA’s processes, calling for a thorough post-market review of food additives to ensure long-term safety.
If your drink is too red to be natural, chances are, it isn’t.
Does Food Coloring Affect Taste?
Generally, food coloring is used in such minute quantities that it’s unlikely to alter the flavor of your favorite treats. However, in rare cases—particularly with certain vibrant hues—a hint of bitterness may be detected.
Wrapping Up: A New Era in Food Coloring
The ban on Red No. 3 creates a significant turning point for food safety in the US, even as it remains in circulation for the next two years while manufacturers reformulate. Some brands are already ahead of the curve: Keurig Dr Pepper announced that their “new formula” for Yoo-hoo Strawberry Flavored Drink will hit shelves by year’s end.
As consumers, let’s embrace these changes for a healthier, more colorful future—without the synthetics!
