Understanding High Blood Pressure among Women in Farming Communities of Ghana: A Focus on Food Insecurity and Lifestyle Factors
In the lush landscapes of Ghana’s Manya Krobo Districts, a pressing health issue lurks beneath the surface—high blood pressure. This article delves into the intricate link between household food insecurity, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle choices impacting women in farming communities. By shedding light on this critical intersection, we can foster discussions around women’s health, empowerment, and nutrition.
Study Site and Design
Conducted in four vibrant communities within the Manya Krobo District, this cross-sectional study aims to illuminate the interrelationships among women’s empowerment, household food insecurity, and health. With two rural communities in the Upper Manya Krobo District (UMKD) and two peri-urban neighborhoods in the Lower Manya Krobo District (LMKD), the research highlights the diverse living conditions of women in this agricultural heartland of Ghana.
Ethical Considerations
Prior to commencing the study, the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research at the University of Ghana approved the research protocol (NMIMR: 020/19–20). Informed consent was acquired from all participants, ensuring their comfort and understanding as they shared their experiences during interviews.
Sample Size and Data Collection
To accurately assess the prevalence of hypertension among women in the Eastern region, a specific formula was employed:
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n=\frac{{Z}^{2}P\left(1-P\right) }{{d}^{2}}
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With a target sample size of 435 women, participants aged 18 and above were selected through a rigorous two-stage sampling procedure. Interviews were conducted in local dialects, ensuring cultural relevance and respect for the respondents’ backgrounds.
Measures of Interest
This study explored various measures that offer insights into health and lifestyle among women:
Household Food Insecurity
Household food insecurity emerged as a key focus of the study. Utilizing the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), responses were collected on food access over the past month. A score ranging from 0 to 27 indicated levels of food security, with higher scores reflecting more significant food insecurity.
High Blood Pressure
A thorough assessment of blood pressure was conducted, where participants were asked about prior diagnoses of hypertension. Blood pressure measurements were obtained using a reliable automatic monitor, classifying individuals with systolic readings of ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic readings of ≥ 90 mmHg as living with elevated blood pressure.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
To understand the relationship between weight and health, participants’ Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. This measurement served as an essential indicator of obesity, categorized as:
- Normal weight: BMI < 25
- Overweight: BMI 25–29.9
- Obese: BMI ≥ 30
Using the World Health Organization’s criteria, these classifications provide insight into potential health risks associated with hypertension.
Dietary Diversity
Participants’ dietary diversity was assessed using 14 food groups aligned with FAO guidelines, offering a deeper understanding of nutritional intake. Scores were classified as low, medium, or high, providing a lens into the overall health and nutrition of women within these communities.
Mobility and Physical Activity
A unique mobility score was generated, depicting participants’ activity levels based on their frequency of visits to urban centers and community gatherings. Increased mobility scores indicated a more active lifestyle, a factor essential for maintaining overall health.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
To contextualize the findings, a variety of socio-demographic factors were evaluated, including age, marital status, education level, religion, and household wealth. Utilizing a principal-component analysis, household wealth was measured through possession of various assets, illuminating the economic context of participants’ lives.
Statistical Analysis
To assess the influence of food insecurity on hypertension, two distinct Logit regression models were used. This multifaceted analysis revealed crucial correlations between socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle choices, and the prevalence of hypertension among women in farming communities.
Conclusion
As we uncover the associations between household food insecurity, sociodemographic factors, and high blood pressure, it becomes evident that addressing food access and women’s empowerment is crucial for improving health outcomes. Empowering women in these communities not only promotes nutrition and food security but significantly contributes to healthier lives.
To explore further on the topic of women’s health and hypertension in Ghana, you may refer to additional resources such as the BMC Public Health. It is imperative for communities and stakeholders to engage with these findings, advocating for solutions that foster a healthier future for the resilient women shaping Ghana’s agricultural landscape.
